Earlier this week Intel sent us a cryptic message:

I wanted to invite you to an Intel press conference on Wednesday May 4th at 9:30am Pacific time. Intel will be making its most significant technology announcement of the year. No further details will be provided in advance. The event will be held in San Francisco so for those of you are local in the SF Bay Area please attend in person if you like. It will also webcasted live. Tune-in details and logistics are below. Please let me know if you can attend.

A while ago Intel decided that a nice way to drive up its stock price would be to behave more like Apple, keeping major announcements under wraps and introducing them on its own terms to hopefully build up anticipation and excitement for Intel's announcements. You've seen examples of this with how closely Intel held Sandy Bridge's architectural details before its presentation at IDF, and how little we knew about Quick Sync (Sandy Bridge's hardware video transcoder) until Intel decided it was time to talk about it.

Apple can get away with it since most of its products are tangible, consumer facing devices. Intel's technologies are arguably even more important, but they're just not as easy for the general populace to get excited about. Today's announcement is the perfect example of just that.

Earlier today Intel announced that its 22nm process would not use conventional planar transistors but rather be the first time Intel is using 3D Tri-Gate transistors. This is a huge announcement that fuels Intel's leadership in the mobile/desktop/server CPU space and makes it a lot more attractive in the SoC space, let's understand why.

The Transistor

Here's a simple diagram of a standard 32nm planar transistor, exactly what you'd find in a Sandy Bridge CPU:


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mage Courtesy Intel Corporation

I spent a couple of semesters as a computer engineering student a few years ago studying how these things work. There's a lot of math and it's not fun to do over and over again so we'll ignore all of that for now. The basics are thankfully much more fun to understand.

 


Image Courtesy Intel Corporation

The goal of a transistor is to act as a very high speed electrical switch. When on, current flows from the transistor's source to the drain. When off, current stops. The inversion layer (blue line above) is where the current flow actually happens.

Ideally a transistor needs to do three things:

1) Allow as much current to flow when it's on (active current)
2) Allow as little current to flow when it's off (leakage current)
3) Switch between on and off states as quickly as possible (performance)

The first item impacts how much power your CPU uses when it's actively doing work, the second impacts how much power it draws when idle and the third influences clock speed.

In conventional planar transistors it turns out that voltage in the silicon substrate impacts leakage current in a negative way. Fully depleted SOI (silicon on insulator) is an option to combating this effect.

The smaller you make the transistors, the more difficult it is to make advancements in all three of these areas all while increasing transistor density. After all not only do you have to worry about keeping power under control, but the whole point to shrinking transistor dimensions is to cram more of them into the same physical die area, thus paving the way for better performance (more cores, larger caches, higher performance structures, more integration).

The 3D Tri-Gate Transistor

A 3D Tri-Gate transistor looks a lot like the planar transistor but with one fundamental change. Instead of having a planar inversion layer (where electrical current actually flows), Intel's 3D Tri-Gate transistor creates a three-sided silicon fin that the gate wraps around, creating an inversion layer with a much larger surface area.

 


I
mage Courtesy Intel Corporation

There are five outcomes of this move:

1) The gate now exerts far more control over the flow of current through the transistor.
2) Silicon substrate voltage no longer impacts current when the transistor is off.
3) Thanks to larger inversion layer area, more current can flow when the transistor is on.
4) Transistor density isn't negatively impacted.
5) You can vary the number of fins to increase drive strength and performance.

The first two points in the list result in lower leakage current. When Intel's 22nm 3D Tri-Gate transistors are off, they'll burn less power than a hypothetical planar 22nm process.

 


Image Courtesy Intel Corporation

The third point is particularly exciting because it allows for better transistor performance as well as lower overall power. The benefits are staggering:


Image Courtesy Intel Corporation

At the same switching speed, Intel's 22nm 3D Tri-Gate transistors can run at 75 - 80% of the operating voltage of Intel's 32nm transistors. This results in lower active power at the same frequency, or the same active power at a higher performance level. Intel claims that the reduction in active power can be more than 50% compared to its 32nm process.


Image Courtesy Intel Corporation

At lower voltages Intel is claiming a 37% increase in performance vs. its 32nm process and an 18% increase in performance at 1V. High end desktop and mobile parts fall into the latter category. Ivy Bridge is likely to see gains on the order of 18% vs. Sandy Bridge, however Intel may put those gains to use by reducing overall power consumption of the chip as well as pushing for higher frequencies. The other end of that curve is really for the ultra mobile chips, this should mean big news for the 22nm Atom which I'm guessing we'll see around 2013.


Image Courtesy Intel Corporation

You'll note that the move to 3D Tri-Gate transistors doesn't negatively impact transistor density. In fact Intel is claiming a 2x density improvement from 32nm to 22nm (you can fit roughly twice as many transistors in the same die area at 22nm as you could on Intel's 32nm process).

 


Image Courtesy Intel Corporation

It's also possible to vary the number of fins to impact drive strength and performance, allowing Intel to more finely tune/target its 22nm process to various products.

The impact on manufacturing cost is also minimal. Compared to a hypothetical Intel 22nm planar process, the 3D Tri-Gate process should only cost another 2 - 3%


Image Courtesy Intel Corporation

All 22nm products from Intel will use its 3D Tri-Gate transistors.

What Does This Mean

Intel's Ivy Bridge is currently scheduled for a debut in the first half of 2012. Intel is purposefully being vague about the release quarter as Sandy Bridge is doing well and isn't facing much competition at the high end at least.

The impact of Intel's 22nm 3D Tri-Gate transistors on high end x86 CPUs will be significant. Intel isn't expecting its competitors to move to a similar technology until 14nm. The increases in switching speed at the same voltage could allow Intel to finally hit or exceed that magical 4GHz barrier in a stock CPU. I suspect Intel will likely use the gains to deliver lower power CPUs however there's always the possibility of some very fast Extreme Edition parts.


Image Courtesy Intel Corporation.

The bigger story here actually has to do with Atom. The biggest gains Intel is showing are at very low voltages, exactly what will benefit ultra mobile SoCs. Atom has had a tough time getting into smartphones and while we may see limited success at 32nm, the real future is what happens at 22nm. Atom is due for a new microprocessor architecture in 2012, if Intel goes the risky route and combines it with its 22nm process it could have a knockout on its hands.

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  • cmptrdude79 - Wednesday, May 4, 2011 - link

    Quoting Wikipedia, "Ivy Bridge processors will be backwards compatible with the Sandy Bridge platform." No socket change. It's just the 22nm refresh, although it definitely looks like it'll hit higher clock speeds and be far more energy efficient.
  • marc1000 - Wednesday, May 4, 2011 - link

    let us hope intel does not kill socket 1155 in 1 year like they did to 1156 then....
  • marc1000 - Wednesday, May 4, 2011 - link

    BTW, this news went live on a local television at Brazil... in the same day of the announcement... Intel is working HARD on marketing!
  • Azethoth - Thursday, May 5, 2011 - link

    Depends on what you want. Sandy bridge is not their high performance architecture. Ivy bridge is. So if you want to write email you keep your current system. If you want to game or get high scores in folding@home and need that extra bit of CPU oomph then, like me, you wait.
  • iwod - Wednesday, May 4, 2011 - link

    I dont think Atom was ever designed with Smartphone in mind. It was more like Tablet PC, Nettop and Netbook, and trying to scale it down to so called MID segment.

    The problem is Smartphone in itself is a totally different thing, and by volume or revenue is larger then all those segment mentioned above combined.

    Tablet PC, Nettop/Book and MID are like PC in different form factor. You try to squeeze PC hardware and software into it. Like Windows 7.

    Smartphone runs on its own set of Software. That is why I think Intel should take the chance to truly design a CPU without the crap, like MMX, SSE, 286 / 386 / 486 compatibility, and just focus on x86-64 + AVX + FMA as basic.

    And may be calling it as AE86.

    That combine with 22nm and Tri Gate should level the gap between Atom and ARM A15.
  • joelypolly - Thursday, May 5, 2011 - link

    This announcement with the recent rumour that Apple wants to use Intel to do future processor manufacturing would potentially make the A6 processor very interesting. It should be a significant step up both for performance and power consumption. Perhaps a phone that lasts more than 2 days with regular use is near.
  • synaesthetic - Thursday, May 5, 2011 - link

    I'd take a phone that lasts more than ONE day with regular (admittedly somewhat heavy) use... :)
  • Lucian Armasu - Thursday, May 5, 2011 - link

    The rumor said Intel wants to make chips for Apple, not the other way around. Very different thing.
  • AnotherGuy - Thursday, May 5, 2011 - link

    Wth ever happened to AMD... Bulldozer or did it get totally scratched?
    The only good things i hear about them is in the graphics department... did they fire all the CPU Engineers?
  • silverblue - Thursday, May 5, 2011 - link

    Bulldozer and Llano are due to come on sale within the next two months if reports are to be believed. Both should at least be fully unveiled in June.

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